History of C language or C Fundamentals

C Fundamentals

History of C Language

• C is a programming language developed by AT also T's Bell Laboratories from the USA in 1972. That was designed including written by any man named Dennis Ritchie.
• Through the late seventies, C began to replace any further familiar languages from that time similar PL/I, ALGOL, etc. NO one pushed C. That happened made the official Bell Labe language. Therefore, externally either advertisement, C's reputation spread including its pool from users grew. Ritchie seems to possess been rather surprised that then many programmers preferred C to older languages like FORTRAN or PL/I, either this newer one like Pascal also APL. But, that's what happened. Ritchie had taken inspirations to form a language known as B, which was developed by Ken Thompson.

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Features \ Characteristics C Language

• C is a general-purpose structured programming language.
• C is a middle-level language.
• C is a portable language.
• C has compiled language.
• C is simple to learn and implement.
• C provides low-level support.
• C provides several built-in functions.
• Support for pointers, arrays, structures, functions etc.
• Support for dynamic memory allocation.

Application of C Language

Embedded Systems	Device drivers.
Editors	System software.
Antivirus	Network protocols
Database software (DBMS)	Operating System
Computer Games	Consumer Electronics Devices
Robotics

The C Character Set C language

Q) Explain the Character set of C language.

• C uses the ASCII character set. It Supports  256 characters. Each character in C occupies 1 (one) byte of memory.
• Each character denotes either alphabet, digit or special symbol applied to represent information.

Following obtain some valid alphabets, numbers also special symbols allowed into C. 

Alphabets:   A,B,C,......,Y,Z.

                     a,b,c,......,y,z.

Digits:          0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

Special symbols:         ~ " ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = | \ { } [ ] : ; " ' < > , . ? /

Keywords in C language

Q) What is a keyword? List a few of the C language.

• Keywords remain these reserved words whose meaning must already be explained to each c compile: 
• Some keywords are also called Reserved words' 
• C supports 32 keywords. These are:

auto	double	int	struct
break	else	long	switch
case	enum	register	typedef
char	extern	return	union
const	float	short	unsigned
continue	for	signed	void
default	goto	sizeof	volatile
do	if	static	while

Rules for using keywords C language:

1. Some keywords cannot be utilised as variable names.
2. The necessity of Every keyword is written within the lower case.
3. Every keyword has a fixed meaning and it cannot be changed.
4. There are only 32 keywords; we cannot add our new keyword.

Identifiers C language

• Identifiers are defined as a user-defined entity. identifier refers to the variable names and function name created by the programmer.
• For e.g. int k, area;
• Here variable k& area is known as identifiers.
• The function names like main() getch(), print(), scant() are the identifiers.

Data types C language

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Q) Explain different data types in C language.

• Data types define rage of allowed values and set of all possible operations on those values. Data types in C++ seat be classified supporting various categories as shown in fig.

Size and range of C language basic data types:

Q) write the size also a range from data types in C language.

Data Type	Range	Size (Bytes)	Format Specifiers
Char or singed Char	-128 to +127	1	%c
unsigned char	0 to 255	1	%c
int or signed int	-32768 to +32767	2	%d
unsigned int	0 to 65535	2	%u
long int or signed long int	-2147483648 to +2147483647	4	%Id
unsigned long int	0 to 4294967295	4	%Iu
float	3.4E-38 TO 3.4E+38	4	%f
double	1.7E-308 to 1.7e+308	8	%If
long double	3.4E-4932 to 3.4E+4932	10	%Lf